Identification of Graminella nigrifrons as a potential vector for phytoplasmas affecting Prunus and Pyrus species in Canada
Published: October 17th, 2011
Revised: July 21st, 2014
Abstract:
Prunus and Pyrus species affected with phytoplasma diseases, as well as leafhopper species collected from Prunus and Pyrus fields in Ontario, Canada were tested for presence of phytoplasmas. Preliminary results showed that Graminella nigrifrons is a potential vector for phytoplasma groups 16SrI-W (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’), and 16SrVII-A (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini’) to a variety of plant hosts, including peach, apricot, plum and pear. Results showed that G. nigrifrons may be able to transmit both phytoplasma groups simultaneously within the same location and suggest that G. nigrifrons populations appear to have a complex ecology.
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Detection of indoor fungal bioaerosols
Published: October 5th, 2011
Revised: July 21st, 2014
Introduction
The detection of microorganisms in environmental samples, particularly from air, has a long history, greatly pre-dating the analysis of the chemical contaminants that are now generally more familiar to occupational hygiene. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) was the first to demonstrate the presence of microbial cells in indoor dust, but it was not until two centuries later that Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) famously demonstrated lactic acid fermentation by airborne microbes by introducing air into sterile broth in swan-necked flasks, thereby defeating the spontaneous generation hypothesis of microbial life (Pasteur 1857). Based on the recognition that living microorganisms could travel through the air, Pasteur’s methods were rapidly enlisted in the search for agents of human diseases, such as cholera and typhoid. Another early air sampler, the “aeroconioscope” of Maddox (1870), relied on wind pressure to propel air through a cone tapered to a narrow point positioned above an adhesive-coated slide onto which particles were impacted (Cunningham 1873, MacKenzie 1961). Although this device was effective in capturing particles from the air, airborne concentrations could not be determined because the volume of air drawn through the instrument could not be measured.
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